Thursday, January 24, 2013 - 10:34 AM

Note: Today is the sixth in a series of posts that detail Eurasia Group's Top Risks for 2013
While the immediate crisis has subsided, risk still emanates from Europe in 2013. First, the process of institution-building to address the flaws of the eurozone structure will continue to be halting, especially in light of major elections in Italy and Germany. And second, many eurozone countries face recession or stagnation, which could test the eurozone structure in new ways.
To be clear, as in 2012, the risk of a eurozone break up is minimal, primarily because the European Central Bank has made clear it will do whatever it takes to preserve the euro. But the muddle-through approach presents risks in 2013, just as it did in 2012.
Germany heads to the polls in September. While Chancellor Angela Merkel has gained the strong backing of the German public for her handling of the eurozone crisis, the current government will be loath to contemplate any major new institutional or funding moves that might upset the careful balance she has struck. The most pressing concerns are policies allowing the direct recapitalization of eurozone banks and the building of an ambitious fiscal and banking union.
Italy holds elections on February 24-25 in which anti-austerity and populist parties could win more seats. Such a government would likely struggle to provide political stability, the reform drive could suffer, and financing costs could again rise.
Beyond the political calendar, a number of factors could test the temporary eurozone equilibrium. If France fails to hit budget deficit targets, President Francois Hollande's government will probably have to enact additional spending cuts and some tax hikes. Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy is unlikely to ask for financial assistance from the eurozone's new permanent bailout fund absent market pressure. But should that pressure arise, Spain would ostensibly have to agree to reform commitments stipulated by the ECB's agreement to purchase the country's bonds in the secondary market. Those commitments are likely to be met with resistance in hard-hit Spain, putting the ECB in a quandary: If Spain refuses to meet the conditions, does the ECB loosen its requirements, potentially encouraging moral hazard in other member states, or does it insist on reforms and potentially withhold assistance that could cause a new conflagration in the eurozone?
Later this week, we'll profile Risk #7: East Asian geopolitics.
Sean Gallup/Getty Images
Thursday, May 10, 2012 - 4:47 PM

By Antonio Barroso and Mujtaba Rahman
Francois Hollande's May 6 victory in one of France's tightest presidential elections ever will have few implications for the EU's management of the eurozone crisis. Hollande is taking shape as a pragmatist who will follow reason on the European front, as signaled by the candidates he's likely to put in important positions in France's new government.
The president-elect claims he has already selected the new prime minister, who will be revealed on May 15 after Hollande takes office. Socialist Party (PS) leader Martine Aubry and long-time socialist politician Jean-Marc Ayrault are the most likely candidates, although a surprise choice (for example Hollande's campaign director Pierre Moscovici) is not completely out of the running. Aubry's selection -- who the majority of the French left support, according to opinion polls -- would hint at a more leftist course for Hollande's government. Ayrault's nomination, however, would imply policy pragmatism. The former minority leader in the National Assembly would likely be better able to build consensus among the many leftist factions in parliament, especially if the government must adjust policies to match the challenging economic situation.
Michel Sapin, a socialist, is frequently mentioned as the candidate most likely to take the crucial post of finance minister. Sapin, who has already served as finance minister, is a close ally of the president-elect and helped draft Hollande's economic program. Another possible choice is Jerome Cahuzac, a socialist former president of parliament's finance committee who actively supports austerity and deficit reduction. Both men would make a good finance minister, given their experience and their commitment to a balanced budget.
But Hollande's victory will not fundamentally change how the EU is managing the ongoing eurozone crisis, though there will likely be some changes around the margins. Hollande's desire to introduce some focus on growth in the fiscal compact is easy for German Chancellor Angela Merkel to accept and there are already tentative signs that Berlin will support such efforts. Hollande's objective of securing a capital increase for the European Investment Bank (EIB) also is unlikely to prove controversial. But the biggest obstacle to growth -- moving away from regressive agricultural payments toward greater use of structural adjustment funds in the EU budget -- is actually more difficult for France to overcome than it is for Germany. Also, Hollande's pledge to seek a change in the European Central Bank's mandate is a non-starter. Such a change requires all 27 member states to agree, but it will face stiff opposition in Germany, where it is perceived as a French strategy to inflate away debt.
Antonio Barroso and Mujtaba Rahman are analysts in Eurasia Group's Europe practice.
JACQUES DEMARTHON/AFP/GettyImages
Tuesday, February 21, 2012 - 10:00 AM

By Antonio Barroso
With the survival of "Merkozy" at stake, German Chancellor Angela Merkel has inserted herself into the French presidential election on behalf of her eurozone partner, President Nicolas Sarkozy. It's not just because a Francois Hollande victory would make finding a new pithy nickname for the German-French duopoly difficult (though it would be a challenge -- "Hollmerk?" "Merkande?") Or because it has become trendy for like-minded political figures to support each other in races across national boundaries within the EU.
Merkel views the preservation of her partnership with Sarkozy as an important element in the timely resolution of the eurozone crisis, despite their rocky start, numerous disagreements, and natural rivalry. The devil that Merkel now knows well, and has spent considerable capital cultivating, is preferable to the devil she doesn't know, and can only speculate about -- a socialist who, while pro-European, has bashed the financial sector, disparaged austerity, and promised to maintain social spending. There are too many uncertainties in a Hollande presidency for Merkel to sit idly by in Berlin as Sarkozy continues to trail significantly in the polls ahead of the April 22 first-round vote.
That's why Merkel has actively stumped for Sarkozy, tying German conservatism to its French counterpart. The alliance between the German and French leaders is not just a personal bond, forged through the crucible of the eurozone crisis. Merkel believes she now has a partner in Sarkozy who shares her beliefs about the currency bloc -- and will push those interests (which also happen to be Germany's interests) in Brussels. After all of the painstaking negotiations and one-on-one meetings, she's not about to start all over again.
Hollande's political party, his campaign statements, and the fragility of the eurozone have many observers worried that a Hollande presidency would put France -- and the eurozone -- into greater danger. Some view Merkel's visible and vocal support of Sarkozy as validation of this viewpoint. But there are a few reasons why a Merkel-Hollande partnership would not be the market-rattling, eurozone-damaging outcome that many predict.
As wary as Hollande might be about austerity, or about the German model, his ability to take the EU in his ideal policy direction is limited. Why? Because the markets are on Merkel's side. Hollande only has so much room to maneuver before the markets punish France with higher borrowing costs, which would in turn threaten the integrity of the eurozone's bailout fund and its continuing efforts to prevent contagion. The pro-European Hollande does not want to preside over a new ugly chapter in the eurozone crisis.
It's also important to distinguish between what is campaign fodder and how Hollande would govern. Yes, Hollande has criticized the fiscal pact that Sarkozy, along with 24 other European leaders, agreed to in order to harmonize budgetary policies in member nations. But when Sarkozy is making his ability to lead France during an economic crisis a central campaign issue, Hollande has to find a way to distinguish himself. Hollande also can't proclaim the virtues of austerity -- and what is inherently a conservative fiscal policy -- as the leader of France's socialist party. Under the pressure of governing one of the eurozone's two major players, Hollande's policies are unlikely to differ drastically from Sarkozy's.
So is Merkel expending too much energy to stump for her favored candidate? Not necessarily. Hollande's socialist leanings, his reluctance to alienate his core voters, and his lack of a personal relationship with Merkel all suggest that decision-making between the two powers, and the eurozone as a whole, would be slower with Hollande as president. These ingredients are also the makings of a difficult personal relationship between the two leaders. And if there is one thing that markets have taught the eurozone, it is that dawdling in decision-making can be nearly as painful as making the wrong decision. The importance of Merkel's ability to pick up the phone, call Paris, and hear a familiar voice on the other end of the line should not be discounted. She doesn't have the luxury of time to cultivate another ally in the Elysee Palace.
Antonio Barroso is an analyst in Eurasia Group's Europe practice.
Franck Prevel/Getty Images
Thursday, January 28, 2010 - 4:26 PM

There's a lot of buzz about French President Sarkozy's speech last night, more than Obama's state of the union address. In part because we were sleeping, and in part because while Obama gives a better speech, Sarkozy is a more effective populist.
It's no particular trick to go after the bankers; it's almost sport this year, but folks don't really have their heart in it.
Not so the French president. He went after the bankers, the dollar, capitalism with righteous indignation. Obama goes through the motions, but he's still all about hope and the vision thing (after all, he may need to tack back in a few months). Sarkozy wants to channel all these angry people.
To be fair, Davos folks aren't all that angry. Something like two people applauded when Sarkozy said the world had to put morality back into capitalism. There were all sorts of reasons for that (lack of) reaction -- antipathy, profound skepticism, malaise, jetlag. But it wasn't a message that was going to rile the Davos folks. Having said that, unless you're Klaus Schwab (or, nowadays, Bill Clinton), most of these speeches are for the home team.
* * *
Just overhead the Davos quote of the hour. South African President Jacob Zuma: "We must respect the culture of others. Polygamy is my culture and i treat my wives completely equal." Call it a wives' tale. Incidentally, there's a very large South African delegation accompanying the South African president, but I've only seen men.
Ian Bremmer will be blogging from Davos this week sending reports and commentary from inside the World Economic Forum.
PIERRE VERDY/AFP/Getty Images
Tuesday, June 23, 2009 - 4:33 PM
By Ian Bremmer
Moisés Naím wisely warns us in his latest FP column that transnational problems are pressing just at a moment when multinational consensus on solutions has become nearly impossible to achieve. If 20 countries produce 85 percent of global GDP, 20 countries generate three-quarters of global greenhouse gasses, just 21 are directly concerned with nuclear non-proliferation, and 19 account for almost two-thirds of AIDS deaths, limiting negotiations over collective action to the smaller number of states needed for workable solutions makes good sense. But in today's geopolitical environment, 20 is still a very big number.
The ongoing economic meltdown has accelerated the inevitable transition from a G7 to a G20 world. Gone are the days when the United States, UK, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and Canada could credibly claim global political and economic leadership. Today, no institution that excludes China, India, Russia, Brazil, and a few other emerging heavyweights can fully address the biggest international challenges.
But it's not simply that it's tougher to forge compromises with 20 negotiators at the table than with seven. It's that some of the new players have fundamental disagreements with the established powers on some very big questions -- like what role government should play in an economy. Agreements on managing transnational health crises, nuclear proliferation, regional security, or greenhouse gasses and global warming will involve complex policy solutions with direct impact on domestic economies.
Second, the new governments at the table are preoccupied with problems much closer to home-issues that can be addressed on a (relatively) more modest and manageable scale. China's political leadership, an increasingly indispensable player on several transnational problems, is far more concerned with domestic than with international challenges. Much of its foreign policy is intended to fuel the continuation of explosive domestic economic growth-and the millions of jobs it creates. Its rhetoric may be global, but its focus is more often regional. The governments of India, Russia, and Brazil are likewise intent on managing the impact of the global recession on their domestic economies and advancing their political interests within their immediate neighborhoods. That's why much of the forward movement on transnational issues will come from regional groupings like the European Union, the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).
Some respected observers of international politics have called for a G2, a meeting of US and Chinese minds for the ultimate in minilateralist institutions. There are many reasons why this won't happen anytime soon-if ever. The Chinese leadership may enjoy such talk, but its most seasoned policymakers know well that China cannot yet afford to shoulder such burdens. Nor are Washington and Beijing likely to agree on how to solve many of these problems. And to reduce international consensus to two countries is to ignore the growing importance of many others.
In other words, Moisés is correct that 20 is a much more manageable magic number than 200. But these 20 are unlikely to accomplish big things for the foreseeable future.
The Call, from Ian Bremmer, uses cutting-edge political science to predict the political future -- and how it will shape the global economy.
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